نشریه ادبیات دفاع مقدس
پیاپی 7 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Most of the Persian war novels, have been written with ideological approach. Therefore, the present study, with the aim of studying the level to which these novels are subject to Dialogism and comparing literary value and then ideological dimension of them, tries to demonstrate that these works have been able to approach the concept of novel in Bakhtin's perspective or have remained in the realm of Monologism. Although researches have already been done in this area and with regard to the importance of this issue, considering other war novels there is a need to fulfill it. Hence, the present study concerns a Bakhtinian reading of three war novels and the study of components such as Chronotope, Dialogism, and Carnivalesque in these works utilizing a descriptive-analytical method. The results of this study reveals that among the novels which have been studied, Ahmad Mahmoud, who has a different view from the dominant discourse has narrated the war with a critical view by choosing characters from different walks of life in The Scorched Earth and Polyphony plays a more prominent role in this work; but in the novel Headless Palms, Monology has a more dominant effect over the text due to the predominance of ideological approach. Straying from the atmosphere of war, Ahmad Dehqan, despite believing in the values of Holy Defense, tries to narrate the war with a comprehensive viewpoint and also reflect the opposing voices; but in the end, due to the authoritarianism of the narrator, polyphony is not established in his novel. It can be claimed that the story tellers of war could not fully accomplish this historical event from an ideological perspective and at last focus on depicting the tragic dimension of war that intensifies the emotional aspect of such works.

Farangis is the title of a memoir narrated by Mahnaz Fattahi in place of Farangis Heidarpour, a heroine from Gilan-e-gharb. In the present study, resistance elements of the Farangis have been extracted by using descriptive-analytical method and based on the library-study, the frequency of each of these elements has been demonstrated by using diagram. The findings of the study indicate that in this book, the positive elements such as: Anti-xenophobia, religious beliefs, courage and bravery and courage and resistance of women, as well as negative elements such as: bombardment and fusillade, description of martyrs and the wounded, migration and escape of the people and the planting landmines, and enemy are more frequent compared to other elements. Also, the positive elements with 49% and the negative elements with 51% are almost equal; therefore, it can be claimed that the memories of the Holy Defense, in addition to the indices of positive Resistance, has negative elements as well. Apparently, these negative elements do not reflect the negative face of the war, but rather indicate the oppressed Iranian people and the hostility of the invader enemy.

In contemporary literature, concurrent with the emergence of the Imposed War, a new phenomenon takes place in fiction which is called War Fiction that reaches its growth, maturity, permanence to this day. The purpose of this study is to explore its ups and downs and transformations, with regard to the diversity and abundance of Holy Defense fiction. Ten selected works of fiction from festivals and from four periods of time, the sixties onwards, have been purposefully chosen and analyzed to present a historical image relating to the process of metamorphosis of Holy Defense fiction, employing an analytical-historical method with an emphasis on sociological elements. According to this investigation, the processes of transformation in political and social and historical realms can be observed in the historical course of the creation of works. In the sixties, some new authors, most of whom were passionate revolutionary youths, joined the class of Novelists. Most of their works were dominated by the religious insight affected by political discourse. For this reason, the first stories of Holy Defense Literature had a simple structure, because they relied more on content; but the content and form became more correlated over time. The novelist of the seventies, pays special attention to the consequences of war in the form of family ties and along with the subject matter of Holy Defense, different themes constitute the major theme in the work of novelist. Religious novels are also released in different subject matters and diverse forms. The most important achievement of novel writing in the eighties, was the dominance of critical view to the themes of war and Holy Defense. In the early nineties and afterwards, authors, are woefully concerned about the reminiscence of gallantry shown by martyrs and warriors with a different perspective. In the eighties and nineties, authors employ the subject matter of war as a means of portraying the social and philosophical realities and concerns of mankind. From the sixties to the eighties and afterwards, the course of the novel and the Persian story of the Holy Defense, have proceeded from holism to a more detailed view, in a gradual motion. The present study focuses on the relationship of this metamorphosis with political, historical and religious changes in the social context.

Resistance Literature is a type of literary genre which has played an effective role in expressing and infusing resistance concepts throughout history. Apparently, Resistance Literature is more correlated with the science of history than other literary genres; because we have to study history and its reflection upon the realm of literature for understanding the issues and subject matters of Resistance Literature. Referring to the essence of resistance has permanently been existed in Iranian culture. The south territory has also been subject to invasion in different domains by the foreigners such as the Portuguese, the British, and the Dutch. In the meantime, Mirmohanna Vaghaei is one of the resistance models, who has been undermined due to unreliable analyses made by some Western historians, including the Dutch William Floor in terms of his character as a national fighter; nonetheless, Khorshid Faqih, the author from Boushehr, has resolved all of the ambiguities raised by Floor and other historians utilizing sound historical documents, publishing Rig Port in fight against Colonialism. Therefore, in order to resolve the ambiguities regarding Mohanna's character; in the first place, we analyze Mohanna's character from the perspective of both authors employing an analytic-descriptive method, therefore, due to the consequent results, present him as the resistance icon of south territory.

One of the noticeable issues in translating the works of holy defense is taking point of view into account as one of the principal elements of Narratology; because, such a change results in the change of point of view in the narration of the story in the source language and the readers go through a different narration from another perspective. Hence, the present study was an attempt to examine the translation of Iran-Iraq War narrative in a case study of Journey to Heading 270 Degrees from Persian to English to see if the point of view of the foregoing novel has undergone any changes or it has been transferred to the target language without any alterations. Adopting Pekkanen's model (2010), the element of Narratology of point of view has been examined in the light of frequency of shifts in the linguistic elements. Ultimately, in this comparative study, through which the source and translated texts have been compared, it was determined that respectively, 100 shifts in referential relations (38%), 91 shifts in agency (35%), 34 shifts in the sequence of events (13%), 22 shifts in transferability (8%), and 14 concealment of repetition (5%), affected the element of Narratology of point of view in the translated text considering their frequency throughout the story. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that no shift in modality has been observed in this study.

Whereas the event of Ghadir and the proclamation of the guardianship of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and his children is among the most important events in the history of Islam, and according to the explicit prophetic text, speaking, writing and composing about it is obligatory for everyone and at all times; Therefore, many poets, including Persian-language poets, have tried to compose poems regarding this event in order to fulfill their duty and convey Ghadir’s message and the fundamentals of the culture of guardianship-abiding, awakening, seeking justice and to struggle against oppression and tyrant, and have taken provisions from this boundless sea analogous with their abilities. Therefore, the main concern of this study is to answer the question that, in terms of intertextual relations, to what extent Ghavami Razi, a sixth century poet, had regard to and made use of the absent text, i. e. Ghadir’s sermon, in composing his Ghadiriyyeh, according to the elements and motifs of Resistance Literature.  This study has been done by a qualitative-thematic analysis method and this investigation reveals that Ghavami Razi has acted so competently and skillfully in creating various thematic, lexical, stylistic and predicative intertextual relations with the sermon to such an extent that it arouses the emotions of each reader and compel him/her contemplate. In his poems, he explicitly boasts about the blessing of being a Shiite of Twelve Imams, and his poems reveals that he composed them to systematize political and doctrinal procedures and upheavals, in the history and people of his time and other times.

The poignant, biting, and satirical poems and posture of Mohammad al-Sagheer Awlad Ahmad (1955-2016) have always been controversial and influential in the major events of contemporary history and social and political upheavals of Tunisia. During Jasmine Revolution of 2010, Awlad Ahmad, became increasingly eminent as the poet or the poetic spokesman of Revolution and was immortalized beside Shabbi. This Article tries to represent some features of resistance poetry in the poems and posture of Awlad Ahmad employing a descriptive and analytical method. The result of the discussion reveals that the religious and national beliefs of Awlad Ahmad helped him, while praising resistance against oppression, to condemn inaction and passivity that consequently lead to material and spiritual poverty of the society. Supporting Liberation Movements and Palestine Resistance, the combination of home-mother concept, paying attention to the homeless and deprived people of the society, praising the stature and dignity of the nation's martyrs are the most frequent notions presented by the poet. Prohibition of public offices and services, imprisonment, prohibition against publishing the works, and even Takfir were among the consequences of this struggle, but he was never disappointed and inculcated such a spirit to the audience and people of Tunisia.

According to Shams Qeis Razi, the poet, by employing allusion, tries to create a lot of meanings in the mind of the audience with few words that are reminiscent of the story, allegory, and so forth; in other words, allusion, in traditional terms, enriches the mind of the reader, or by the present signifiers in the text, in theoretical terms, brings more complex signifieds into the mind. The poets have portrayed political, social, and economical events and the like, from this path, by connection to the past and present at every time period in order to retain the events of their time throughout history. Eight-year Iran-Iraq War can be called as one of the significant events in contemporary period of Iran in which many poets and authors tried to produce images of gallantry and bravery shown by the warriors to be recorded in history. Seyed Hossein Hosseini is one of such poets who has linked the aura of the warriors and martyrs of the Imposed War to mythical and epic allusions. Therefore, in the present study, utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and by using library resources, we try to express mythical and epic allusions of his works, to answer the question that "what are the mythical and epic allusions of Hosseini's poems?" and "what are their literary roles?". This study reveals that some of his mythical and epic allusions are taken from mythical and epic characters of Ferdowsi's Shahname that have the most literary role in the form of metaphor, simile, and Symmetry.

The Islamic Revolution of Iran transformed the intellectual, doctrinal, social and political foundation of Iran's society; consequently, the Imposed War and the Holy Defense had also a tremendous effect on the thoughts and feelings of the people. Regarding the fact that Iran's society is composed of different ethnic groups, all of whom have participated in the revolution and Holy Defense, the question of whether these events have had an impact on national and ethnic literature may naturally be raised. Sattar Sowghi is a contemporary Turkmen poet whose poems abundantly reflect the ideas of the Holy Defense and Islamic Revolution. Martyr and martyrdom, disabled veterans, freedmen, patriotism, anti-arrogance, etc. are among the prominent themes of this committed and ritual poet. This article analyzes the prominent themes of Holy Defense Literature in the works of this poet employing an analytical and content description and library method.

Satire and making use of satire techniques have existed throughout the literary history of Iran and many storytellers have used this feature and one of the important events that has taken place in the realm of Persian literature is the entry of satire into the domain of Holy Defense Literature. One of the authors of this type of fiction is Mehrdad Sedghi, a young author who has eight satire books in his repertoire so far, and here one of these eight works (Cardamom Candy) has been analyzed in terms of techniques of writing satire. In the first place, this article is concerned with recognition and categorization of all the techniques in the creation of satire and then analyzes such techniques in Cardamom Candy. The findings of the study indicate that the intended work has taken advantage of all satire techniques and in the categorization of techniques, the work has tended more towards the techniques belonging to the second category, i.e. the techniques which are based on language content and such techniques have more frequency in this regard, and in a more detailed and precise manner, it can be concluded that character-oriented techniques from the indices of the techniques based on language content have occurred much stronger and with more potentiality.

In this study, we have criticized the content of the first collection of poems by Mohammad Kazem Kazemi entitled on Foot I Came based on library studies and employing descriptive and analytical approach and have investigated the position of Immigration Literature in relation to the society in which the poet lives and composes poetry. In the formation of Immigration Literature, only two elements of time and place have been considered so far. The findings of this investigation indicate the need to review the current definition of this literature and show that although the two above-mentioned conditions are required but they are not sufficient, in the same way, despite setting the foregoing conditions regarding the life of this poet, immigration literature is not formed in the case of the above-mentioned collection of poems. The results show that although the book's title refers to the subject of immigration and the expectation that the sensitive and concerned personality of this Afghan immigrant poet brings forth into the mind of the reader, regarding the subject matter of migration, the content of the poems of the foregoing book are common themes between the society of the poet's birthplace and the host society and even about the themes which are merely related to the host society. In the case of Kazemi, the reason for this phenomenon can be investigated through the breadth of collective cultural domain between the society of birthplace and the host society. It seems that among the most important reasons are the beginning of serious poetic activities of Kazemi in Iran, his continuous presence in literary societies, and the advantage of having company with accomplished poets of the host country, that caused the content of his poems stray from Migration Literature and this is in contrast to the former definitions of the element of "place", which is developed by Migration Literature.

This study is an attempt to better present Munajat-nameh and Ilahi-nameh of Holy Defense Martyrs to researchers' community of contemporary mystical literature. The combination of Mysticism and literature in many of the remaining Munajat of the mystic martyrs of Holy Defense has provided a valuable repertoire for the audiences of contemporary generation so as to manifest pure thought, surpassing spiritual ideal, and bright path of the martyrs of Holy Defense. The following study presents Ilahi-nameh of martyrs through three principal sections of repentantly prayers, love prayers, and epic-love prayers and for better and broader recognition, brings forward examples of each. Each of these three principal sections have their roots in the depth of history of Mysticism and literature and of course could be observed in religious studies and this fact enhances the authenticity of Ilahi-nameh of Holy Defense martyrs. Seemingly, such elevated supplications is the continuation of mystical whispers that has its roots in the history of Mysticism and Sufism.